??? ???? of ??????? ??? is a ???? ? ???? and ?? ???? landscape. ?????? ???????^s are the ???? of this ???? ???. ??????? can ?????? with each ?????? directly through ?????? which ?????? transactions and secure ??????. ?????? ????????: to ????? various ??? ??} is ????? ????. ?? ?????? to , cryptography is shaping the {future????? ? technology